{"id":234,"title":"The Worst War You Never Learned About, Mapped","description":"This video, presented by Johnny Harris, uses animated maps and archival footage to explain the complex history of the Bosnian War. It details the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991, fueled by rising nationalism and ethnic tensions between Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks. The narrative follows Bosnia and Herzegovina's declaration of independence, the subsequent formation of Republika Srpska by Bosnian Serbs with support from Slobodan Milošević's Serbia, and the brutal three-sided conflict that ensued, marked by ethnic cleansing, the Siege of Sarajevo, and the Srebrenica genocide. The video also covers the limited intervention by the UN and NATO, culminating in the Dayton Accords of 1995, which ended the war and established the country's current political structure.","slug":"the-worst-war-you-never-learned-about-mapped","creator":"johnnyharris","duration":985.617415,"tags":["Bosnian War","Yugoslavia","history","geopolitics","Johnny Harris","maps","ethnic cleansing","Srebrenica","Balkans","Slobodan Milošević","war crimes","Dayton Accords"],"transcription":"It's 1991 and the Soviet Union is fracturing. And down here, another communist party is failing. Yugoslavia, a federation of six countries is ripping itself apart. Their economy is in ruin and they are replacing communism with nationalism. The kind that thrives on focusing on ethnic and religious differences. By the end of 1991, Croatia, Slovenia and Macedonia have all declared independence. Macedonia is allowed to leave peacefully, but Slovenia and Croatia fight wars to be independent from Yugoslavia. And then you have Serbia, populated primarily by Christian Serbs and they were not going to let Yugoslavia fully fall apart. Together with Montenegro, they attempt to become the successor state to Yugoslavia. After all, it was they who held the most power in Yugoslavia and who comprised the majority of the Yugoslav army. They didn't want independent states. They wanted to hold on to their majority, to their power. Another country in this crumbling federation was the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Almost half of this country were Bosnian Muslims called Bosniaks and about a third were Christian Serbs, similar to the Christian Serbs living up here but living in Bosnia. The other 17% were Croats. For a long time, these groups had lived side by side in relative peace. They had a common ideology, communism, the idea of Yugoslavia. But as all these new countries were being created, no one wanted to end up in a new nation controlled by the other side. So it's late 1991 and a largely Croat region declares itself an independent state from Bosnia. It wasn't recognized internationally. While some Croat leaders want to secede from the country entirely, they first agree to cooperate with the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina, acting like a state within a state. The next year, Bosnia holds an independence vote. 63% of the population turns out and the results are that 99% of the voters say yes, they want to be independent from Yugoslavia. These numbers imply that it was mostly Bosniaks that voted with the Bosnian Serbs boycotting the vote, as most were against becoming a minority in a new Bosnia. So after the independence vote passed, the Bosnian Serbs declared their own state within the borders of Bosnia. It was called Republika Srpska. No one recognized this new self-declared country besides one, and it was the one that mattered. Serbia and Montenegro now had this leader, an important part of this story. His name was Slobodan Milosevic. He recognizes the new Serb state within Bosnia and this marks the start of the Bosnian War. Hey, before I dive into this, I just need to tell you that we don't have a sponsor for today because it's sort of hard to find sponsors for videos like this. Luckily, the subscribers over at Nebula help make these videos possible. We publish our videos there every week, a week early. So our next week's video about Antarctica, one of my favorite videos we've ever made ever, it's freaking beautiful, is up now on Nebula. You can go watch it. It's $2.50 a month and it helps support us making videos like this. I'll give more detail on that at the end of the video. For now, let's dive into this. Now, before we go on, we have to look back up here at Serbia, this leader, Milosevic. This guy was a hyper nationalist. He made his career stirring up ethnic tensions between Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks. So he's seen all of this as a good thing, as an opportunity to further his vision of creating a new greater Serbian nation across the former Yugoslavia. And remember, Serbia is where the capital of the former Yugoslavia was. The Yugoslav army is dominated by Serbs. So Milosevic is able to direct this professional army to launch an offensive to help the Serbians in Bosnia secure their new claimed territory. To fight back, the Bosniaks and Croats form an alliance to protect their own chances of independence. But Serbs have this large professional army on their side. It's much more powerful and it quickly surrounds the Bosnian capital city, positioning tanks, artillery and snipers on the hills around the city, blocking roads and supply routes. Their goal is to take the capital as fast as possible and to end this war quickly. They start firing indiscriminately, attacking civilian populations with tanks, artillery and sniper fire, killing thousands in a siege that would last for years. And while this city was majority Bosniak, Croats and Serbs lived there too, but the Serbs pummeled it anyway. The UN quickly attempts to negotiate with Milosevic and Serb forces and they reach a quick agreement to withdraw the Yugoslav army. But what really happens is the Yugoslav army just gives up control of around 100,000 Serb troops who mostly continue fighting for the Serbs in Bosnia. As Yugoslav forces withdraw from Sarajevo as part of this agreement, the retreating forces are attacked by Bosniak troops. An unknown number of Yugoslav army personnel are killed. Bosniak commanders would later be charged with war crimes for this attack. As the war rages on, Serbs escalate the brutality all over the country, routinely identifying Bosniak homes, ransacking and burning them down, rounding up civilians, separating the men from the women and sending the men to concentration camps or executing them. Women are sent to prisons where they suffer abuses and human rights violations that I'm not going to describe here for how atrocious they are. You can go to the sources for details. The point here is that what the Serbs are doing is starting to look like an ethnic cleansing of the land they claimed. Meanwhile, the international community is hesitant to get too involved beyond cutting off the Yugoslav economy with sanctions. And the UN sends food, medicine and peacekeeping soldiers. They also cut off the flow of weapons from the outside, but the UN mostly sticks to its peacekeeping principles, not interfering in the conflict, not stopping the advance of the Serbs or the ongoing ethnic cleansing that has begun. But the situation in Bosnia is getting worse. The alliance between Bosniaks and Croats is falling apart. They start fighting each other. So now Bosniak forces are fighting the Serbs on one side and their former allies, the Croats on the other, a war within a war. As this new complicated stage of the conflict starts, Croat forces surround and begin an attack in the city of Mostar, a city that the two had once defended together back in 1992 against the Serbs. Croat forces capture large portions of the city. They blow up Bosniak mosques and murder Bosniak civilians in their wake. Things are getting bad and in response to these worsening conditions in Bosnia, the UN gets NATO forces to come to Bosnia to enforce a no-fly zone, basically committing them to shoot down any planes flying over the country. But this does nothing to stop the ethnic cleansing that continues to escalate on the ground. So the next year, the UN establishes safe zones across the country to protect civilians fleeing the war, particularly Bosniaks who are fleeing ethnic cleansing by the Serb armies. But the UN is only as powerful as its member nations are willing to let them be. And it turns out member nations are not willing to commit enough troops to actually fortify these safe zones. Serb forces regularly show up and attack the civilians in these safe zones. The United States, who is still trying to stay out of this war, helps negotiate peace between the Croats and the Bosniaks, thus ending the war within the war. They sign an agreement in March of 1994, re-establishing the Federal Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. And most importantly, they renew their alliance to fight against the Serbs. Things slowly start to change in 1994. Bosnian Serbs decline a peace deal offered by the UN. In response, Milosevic, who's now feeling the consequences of being cut off from the global economy, now cuts ties with the Bosnian Serbs, refusing to send them more weapons and money. He wants to remain in power controlling his new Yugoslavia and hopes that cutting ties with the Bosnian Serbs who are doing all these terrible things will convince the West to begin trading with him again. So Milosevic's support is now gone, but even still, the Bosnian Serbs continue their campaign of horror, committing atrocities all over the country. But it's not just the Serbs. Bosniaks and Croats have also devolved into committing terrible violent human rights abuses against civilians. As the war rages on, NATO continues to enforce their no-fly zone, shooting down a Serb jet and getting more and more pulled into this conflict as Serb forces get bolder. Former President Jimmy Carter travels to Bosnia and negotiates a four-month ceasefire. It mostly holds with a few exceptions, but the ceasefire expires. They can't agree on a new one and the fighting starts again. Serb forces are able to steal heavy weapons from the UN and then use them to kill civilians. NATO continues to ramp up air strikes. Serb forces respond by taking UN peacekeepers hostage and shooting down a US F-16. Serb forces are feeling emboldened at this point. They have consistently held around 70% of the land in Bosnia and even pushed back UN peacekeepers without major consequences. And they see an opportunity for one last big offensive to end the war and secure all of this land. They just need to take over the UN safe zones, kick the UN out and then take Sarajevo with overwhelming force. So they target the town of Srebrenica, a UN safe zone where nearly 10,000 Bosniaks are seeking refuge. The UN had taken away their weapons. They were totally unarmed but protected by UN forces. On July 11th, 1995, 2,000 Serb soldiers march into the town. They meet no resistance from the UN soldiers who decided to maintain their neutrality and defend supplies and food for their refugees instead of the people themselves. But these UN soldiers were really just 370 Dutch soldiers. They were outmatched anyway. So some retreat, others are captured. The Serb forces then round up 8,000 Bosniak men and boys and then they systematically execute them, comprising the deadliest genocide on European soil since World War II. The surviving refugees, abandoned by the international community, flee the violence in Srebrenica. They fled to other areas, telling the stories of this mass murder. The UN would later report that all sides violated the Geneva Conventions, but described the Serb offensive as, quote, systematic ethnic cleansing. And at this point, the United States can no longer stand by and watch this happen. So in late 1995, the Clinton administration pursues a new strategy. They plan for the UN to eventually pull out of Bosnia. The US and NATO would keep them safe. The plan also ensured that the US would be allowed to send weapons to the Bosnian government. The US then proposed a peace plan, one that divided Bosnia into two entities, one for Serbs and one for Bosniaks. These regions would have some autonomy and Bosniaks would control 51% of the country. Both sides considered the US's plan, but the fighting continued. But now with the international community squarely on their side, the Croats conduct a successful offensive in 1995 that takes back significant land from the Serbs, and the Bosniaks gain momentum in the war. The balance of power is shifting, which forces the Serbs back to the negotiating table to cut their losses. After many rounds of negotiation and with the Serb forces seeing the tide of the war turn against them, the Dayton Accords are signed in December 1995 by the presidents of Croatia, Bosnia and Serbia. On behalf of all of us who would come to see this peace take hold. You have seen what war has wrought. You know what peace can bring. It was this agreement that eventually gave us these modern borders that divide the country into two. You have the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is composed mostly of Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats. And over here, the Republika Srpska, composed mostly of Bosnian Serbs, which is somewhat independent with its own political system and its own judiciary, but it's still a part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. So the war is over. Around 100,000 people died during this violence and many more millions were forced to flee from their homes, the majority of which were Bosnian Muslims. A United Nations criminal tribunal eventually tried 161 people for various war crimes committed during this war. Slobodan Milosevic went to jail for the rest of his life because of his crimes against humanity, his war crimes and genocide. He died before the end of his trial. The war reshaped this country, solidifying the ethnic divides that had been at the root of the conflict. Today, Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats live in relative peace, though the country faces new threats to that peace, threats that are facing lots of parts of the world, rising nationalism, a reverence for former Serb war criminals and more calls for Serb independence. The memory of the atrocities committed during this conflict still haunts this place, both in the physical scars on the land, but most powerfully in the bodies and minds of its people. This is a complicated story and there are lots of feelings about it. People watching this probably disagree with the way that I framed certain things, but we did our best to be fair and factual and to give the best overview we could. As I said earlier, finding sponsors for videos like this is difficult. Um, and I really value those who subscribe to Nebula. Nebula is a place where I put all of my videos ad-free and a week early. So next week's video is up now. It's $2.50 a month. When you subscribe, it directly goes to help us make more videos like this. And you don't just get access to all of my videos a week early, you also get access to a huge repository of amazing content, all of it ad-free, knowing that you are supporting these creators. Nebula is the platform that I watch. It's like all of my favorite YouTubers, but then they go into Nebula and they make stuff that is only on Nebula. Like Real Life Lore has this really awesome series called Modern Conflicts. Super deep dive into how war works in our day and age. Wendover Productions has some originals that you can't see anywhere else. It's only on Nebula. Polymatter has this series on China that's an original and these are really premium high quality series that you can only see on Nebula. It's incredibly affordable, $2.50 a month when you do the yearly thing, slightly more if you do the monthly thing. And and again, a portion of that subscription goes directly to us creators to allow us to continue to do this. I got to tell you about next week's video. It's about mapping Antarctica and it truly is one of the most ambitious videos I have ever made in my entire career. We tried all this new mapping techniques with this like paper globe that is then georeferenced with like Captain Cook's like journeys throughout the south. Like it truly is an amazing piece of work that we have been working on for a long time and it's live right now. You can go watch it right now on Nebula. So, more than ever, clicking the link in my description that goes to Nebula and signing up really helps to support this channel. I appreciate you all watching. I hope you enjoyed this map video. We're wanting to do more of these. I used to do these a lot back in the old days when I was at Vox and I sort of moved away from it and I want to get back to it. So, leave me a note here in the comments if this is a format that you like, what conflicts you think I should take on, what complex issues would benefit from being mapped in this way. So that's it. Lots going on around here. We're making lots of really, really interesting stories right now that you will be seeing in coming weeks or you'll be seeing a week early if you subscribe to Nebula. Okay, bye everyone.","timeline":[{"t":0,"speech":"It's 1991 and the Soviet Union is fracturing.","visual":{"action":"An animated map of Europe shows the USSR fracturing into multiple countries. The USSR flag icon is replaced by the Russian flag icon, and flags of newly independent nations pop up along the western and southern borders.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","tan","yellow","black","white"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The entire map of the former Soviet Union.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Informational, historical","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"A stylized, tan-colored world map.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting on the animation.","location":"Animated map of Europe and Asia"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"USSR","location":"center of the map","style":"black sans-serif text"},{"content":"1991 | JAN | FALL OF SOVIET UNION","location":"bottom of the screen","style":"white text on a black timeline bar"},{"content":"RUSSIA","location":"center of the map","style":"black sans-serif text"}]}},{"t":6,"speech":"And down here, another communist party is failing. Yugoslavia, a federation of six countries is ripping itself apart.","visual":{"action":"The map zooms into the Balkan region. The country of Yugoslavia is highlighted, and then an animation shows it breaking into six constituent republics, each with its flag and name labeled.","colors":{"dominant":"tan","palette":["tan","white","red","blue","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The map of Yugoslavia and its constituent republics.","framing":"medium"},"mood":"Informational, tense","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"A stylized, tan-colored map of Europe.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the Balkans"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"1991 | JAN | YUGOSLAVIA IS FALLING APART","location":"bottom of the screen","style":"white text on a black timeline bar"},{"content":"SR SLOVENIA","location":"northwest Yugoslavia","style":"black sans-serif text"},{"content":"SR CROATIA","location":"north of Bosnia","style":"black sans-serif text"},{"content":"SR BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA","location":"central Yugoslavia","style":"black sans-serif text"},{"content":"SR MONTENEGRO","location":"south of Bosnia","style":"black sans-serif text"},{"content":"SR SERBIA","location":"east of Bosnia","style":"black sans-serif text"},{"content":"SR MACEDONIA","location":"southeast Yugoslavia","style":"black sans-serif text"}]}},{"t":13,"speech":"Their economy is in ruin and they are replacing communism with nationalism. The kind that thrives on focusing on ethnic and religious differences.","visual":{"action":"A montage of grainy, archival war footage is shown through a circular, scope-like frame. A soldier walks through a destroyed city street, tanks fire in a town, a line of tanks and soldiers is shown, and a building is on fire.","colors":{"dominant":"brown","palette":["brown","grey","red","olive green","tan"]},"composition":{"angle":"eye-level","focus":"Various scenes of conflict and destruction.","framing":"medium"},"mood":"Grim, chaotic, destructive","objects":[{"color":"red","name":"destroyed car","position":"middle ground","state":"wrecked"},{"color":"olive green","name":"tank","position":"center frame","state":"active, firing"}],"people":[{"age_range":"20s-30s","clothing":{"accessories":"military cap","bottom":"military trousers","footwear":"combat boots","top":"brown military jacket"},"face":"bearded, serious expression","hair":"dark, medium length","hands":"holding a stick or pole","pose":"walking through rubble","position":"center frame"}],"setting":{"architecture":"war-damaged European-style buildings","background":"Rubble and destroyed buildings.","lighting":"Natural, daylight, but appears dim and grainy.","location":"War-torn city streets"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":22,"speech":"By the end of 1991, Croatia, Slovenia and Macedonia have all declared independence.","visual":{"action":"The animated map of Yugoslavia returns. The regions of Slovenia, Croatia, and Macedonia are colored in orange, green, and yellow respectively, separating them from the rest of the country.","colors":{"dominant":"tan","palette":["tan","green","orange","yellow","white"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The map of Yugoslavia showing the seceding states.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Informational, tense","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the Balkans"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"1991 | JAN | INDEPENDENCE WARS","location":"bottom of the screen","style":"white text on a black timeline bar"},{"content":"SR SLOVENIA","location":"northwest","style":"black text"},{"content":"SR CROATIA","location":"north","style":"black text"},{"content":"SR MACEDONIA","location":"southeast","style":"black text"}]}},{"t":28,"speech":"Macedonia is allowed to leave peacefully, but Slovenia and Croatia fight wars to be independent from Yugoslavia.","visual":{"action":"On the map, the Macedonia flag icon moves away peacefully. Then, red explosive markers appear along the borders of Slovenia and Croatia, indicating conflict.","colors":{"dominant":"tan","palette":["tan","green","orange","red","white"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The borders of Slovenia and Croatia.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Informational, showing conflict","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the Balkans"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"1991 | JAN | INDEPENDENCE WARS","location":"bottom of the screen","style":"white text on a black timeline bar"}]}},{"t":34,"speech":"And then you have Serbia, populated primarily by Christian Serbs and they were not going to let Yugoslavia fully fall apart.","visual":{"action":"The map highlights Serbia in red. Christian cross icons appear over the territory of Serbia to indicate the dominant religion.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","tan","white","green","orange"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The territory of Serbia.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Informational, assertive","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the Balkans"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"SR SERBIA","location":"east","style":"black text"}]}},{"t":42,"speech":"Together with Montenegro, they attempt to become the successor state to Yugoslavia.","visual":{"action":"Montenegro is highlighted in yellow, and then an animated glowing line connects Serbia and Montenegro, indicating an alliance. Their combined territory remains red.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","tan","yellow","white","green"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"Serbia and Montenegro.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Informational","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the Balkans"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"SR SERBIA","location":"east","style":"black text"},{"content":"SR MONTENEGRO","location":"south","style":"black text"}]}},{"t":47,"speech":"After all, it was they who held the most power in Yugoslavia and who comprised the majority of the Yugoslav army.","visual":{"action":"Animated lines radiate from Serbia to all other former Yugoslav republics. An icon for the Yugoslav People's Army appears and is linked to Serbia.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","tan","blue","green","yellow"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The entire former Yugoslavia region, emphasizing Serbia's influence.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Informational, showing power dynamics","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the Balkans"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"YUGOSLAV PEOPLE'S ARMY","location":"top right","style":"black sans-serif text"}]}},{"t":54,"speech":"They didn't want independent states. They wanted to hold on to their majority, to their power.","visual":{"action":"The animated lines on the map continue to pulse, showing Serbia's connection and influence over the region. The focus remains on the Yugoslav People's Army icon linked to Serbia.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","tan","blue","green","yellow"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The entire former Yugoslavia region, emphasizing Serbia's influence.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Informational, tense","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the Balkans"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"INDEPENDENCE WARS","location":"bottom center","style":"white text on black bar"}]}},{"t":59,"speech":"Another country in this crumbling federation was the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.","visual":{"action":"The map zooms in on Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is highlighted in blue. Its flag and name appear in the center.","colors":{"dominant":"blue","palette":["blue","tan","white","green","red"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"Bosnia and Herzegovina.","framing":"medium"},"mood":"Informational","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the Balkans"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"SR BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA","location":"center","style":"black sans-serif text"}]}},{"t":105,"speech":"Almost half of this country were Bosnian Muslims called Bosniaks and about a third were Christian Serbs, similar to the Christian Serbs living up here but living in Bosnia.","visual":{"action":"On the map of Bosnia, icons appear representing the different ethnic and religious groups. A mosque icon for 'Bosniaks Muslims' and a cross icon for 'Serbs Christians' are shown with lines connecting them to different parts of the country.","colors":{"dominant":"blue","palette":["blue","tan","white","red","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The ethnic composition of Bosnia.","framing":"medium"},"mood":"Explanatory","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of Bosnia and Herzegovina"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"BOSNIAKS MUSLIMS","location":"northwest of center","style":"black sans-serif text"},{"content":"SERBS CHRISTIANS","location":"east of center","style":"black sans-serif text"}]}},{"t":115,"speech":"The other 17% were Croats. For a long time, these groups had lived side by side in relative peace.","visual":{"action":"A third icon, a checkered shield, appears on the map representing 'Croats'. The map then fragments into a mosaic of red, blue, and green areas, representing the intermingled populations of Serbs, Bosniaks, and Croats.","colors":{"dominant":"tan","palette":["red","blue","green","tan","white"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The ethnic distribution within Bosnia.","framing":"medium"},"mood":"Informational, complex","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of Bosnia and Herzegovina"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"CROATS","location":"south of center","style":"black sans-serif text"},{"content":"BOSNIAKS","location":"top left","style":"black sans-serif text"},{"content":"SERBS","location":"middle left","style":"black sans-serif text"},{"content":"CROATS","location":"bottom left","style":"black sans-serif text"}]}},{"t":122,"speech":"They had a common ideology, communism, the idea of Yugoslavia.","visual":{"action":"The multi-colored map of Bosnia turns solid red, and a communist star icon with the word 'COMMUNISM' appears in the center. Similar icons then appear over the other Yugoslav republics.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","yellow","tan","white","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The entire former Yugoslavia, showing the unifying ideology.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Historical, explanatory","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the Balkans"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"COMMUNISM","location":"center of Bosnia","style":"black sans-serif text"}]}},{"t":127,"speech":"But as all these new countries were being created, no one wanted to end up in a new nation controlled by the other side.","visual":{"action":"The communist star icons over Slovenia, Croatia, and Macedonia fade to grey, indicating the decline of communism in those regions, while the ones over Serbia, Montenegro, and Bosnia remain.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","grey","tan","white","yellow"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The changing political landscape of Yugoslavia.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Tense, showing division","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the Balkans"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":134,"speech":"So it's late 1991 and a largely Croat region declares itself an independent state from Bosnia.","visual":{"action":"The map of Bosnia is shown. A green area representing the Croat region highlights, and the flag of the 'Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia' appears, linked to this region.","colors":{"dominant":"tan","palette":["tan","green","white","red","blue"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The newly declared Croat state within Bosnia.","framing":"medium"},"mood":"Informational, showing secession","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of Bosnia and Herzegovina"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"1991 | JAN | CROATIAN STATE DECLARES INDEPENDENCE","location":"bottom of the screen","style":"white text on a black timeline bar"},{"content":"REPUBLIC OF HERZEG-BOSNIA","location":"left of center","style":"black sans-serif text"}]}},{"t":151,"speech":"The next year Bosnia holds an independence vote.","visual":{"action":"The map of Bosnia, with the Croat state of Herzeg-Bosnia still highlighted, is shown. The view then darkens and zooms in slightly, with a spotlight effect on the map.","colors":{"dominant":"black","palette":["black","blue","grey","white","red"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The map of Bosnia under a spotlight.","framing":"medium"},"mood":"Dramatic, pivotal","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Black background with a map.","lighting":"Spotlight effect on the map.","location":"Animated map of Bosnia and Herzegovina"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"1992 | FEB | BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA INDEPENDENCE REFERENDUM","location":"bottom of the screen","style":"white text on a black timeline bar"}]}},{"t":154,"speech":"63% of the population turns out and the results are that 99% of the voters say yes, they want to be independent from Yugoslavia.","visual":{"action":"Text appears on the dark screen next to the map, showing the referendum results: '63% TURNOUT', '99.71%' for independence (green dot), and '0.29%' against (red dot). The map of Bosnia then turns fully blue, indicating the vote for independence.","colors":{"dominant":"black","palette":["black","blue","white","green","red"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The referendum results and the map.","framing":"medium"},"mood":"Decisive, informational","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Black background.","lighting":"Spotlight on map and text.","location":"Animated graphic"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"1992","location":"top left","style":"white sans-serif"},{"content":"BOSNIAN INDEPENDENCE REFERENDUM","location":"top left","style":"white sans-serif"},{"content":"63% TURNOUT","location":"left","style":"white sans-serif"},{"content":"99.71%","location":"bottom left","style":"white sans-serif"}]}},{"t":203,"speech":"These numbers imply that it was mostly Bosniaks that voted with the Bosnian Serbs boycotting the vote, as most were against becoming a minority in a new Bosnia.","visual":{"action":"The map shows Bosnia as a newly independent state. Icons representing Bosniaks appear, indicating they were the primary voters. Archival footage shows people casting votes at a polling station.","colors":{"dominant":"blue","palette":["blue","tan","white","grey","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The map and then the polling station.","framing":"wide to medium"},"mood":"Explanatory, historical","objects":[{"color":"red","name":"ballot box","position":"center","state":"in use"}],"people":[{"age_range":"40s-60s","clothing":{"accessories":"","bottom":"","footwear":"","top":"dark clothing"},"face":"focused on voting","hair":"various","hands":"placing ballots in box","pose":"standing and sitting at a table","position":"various"}],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Map animation and indoor polling station.","lighting":"Even lighting on map, indoor fluorescent lighting for footage.","location":"Animated map / Polling station"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"1992 | MAR | BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA OFFICIALLY DECLARES INDEPENDENCE","location":"bottom center","style":"white text on black bar"}]}},{"t":213,"speech":"So after the independence vote passed, the Bosnian Serbs declared their own state within the borders of Bosnia.","visual":{"action":"The map of Bosnia is shown. A large red area overlays the blue, representing the territory claimed by the Bosnian Serbs. The flag and name 'Republika Srpska' appear on this new red territory.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","blue","tan","white","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The newly declared Republika Srpska.","framing":"medium"},"mood":"Tense, showing division and conflict","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of Bosnia and Herzegovina"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"1992 | MAR | SERBS CREATE REPUBLIKA SRPSKA","location":"bottom of the screen","style":"white text on a black timeline bar"},{"content":"REPUBLIKA SRPSKA","location":"center of red area","style":"black sans-serif text"}]}},{"t":224,"speech":"No one recognized this new self-declared country besides one, and it was the one that mattered.","visual":{"action":"The map shows the newly formed Republika Srpska within Bosnia. The camera pans slightly to show Serbia and Montenegro to the east.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","blue","tan","white","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The geopolitical situation in the Balkans.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Ominous, foreboding","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the Balkans"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":227,"speech":"Serbia and Montenegro now had this leader, an important part of this story. His name was Slobodan Milosevic.","visual":{"action":"The map highlights Serbia and Montenegro. A photo of Slobodan Milosevic appears in an octagonal frame over Serbia.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","tan","blue","white","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"Slobodan Milosevic's portrait on the map.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Informational, introducing a key figure","objects":[],"people":[{"age_range":"50s","clothing":{"accessories":"","bottom":"","footwear":"","top":"dark suit, white shirt, dark tie"},"face":"stern, serious expression","hair":"grey, short","hands":"not visible","pose":"portrait photo","position":"over Serbia"}],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the Balkans"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC","location":"below Milosevic's portrait","style":"black text on a white bar"}]}},{"t":232,"speech":"He recognizes the new Serb state within Bosnia and this marks the start of the Bosnian War.","visual":{"action":"Animated lines connect Milosevic's portrait to Republika Srpska and Montenegro, showing his influence. The scene then cuts to a montage of intense war footage seen through a scope, including a soldier firing a rifle in a forest.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","tan","blue","white","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead, then eye-level","focus":"The connection between leaders, then the outbreak of war.","framing":"wide, then medium close-up"},"mood":"Dramatic, violent, chaotic","objects":[{"color":"black","name":"rifle","position":"center","state":"being fired"}],"people":[{"age_range":"20s-30s","clothing":{"accessories":"","bottom":"","footwear":"","top":"military fatigues"},"face":"obscured","hair":"not visible","hands":"holding and firing a rifle","pose":"crouched behind a tree","position":"center"}],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Map, then a forest.","lighting":"Bright on map, overcast and dim in the forest.","location":"Animated map / Forest"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":240,"speech":"","visual":{"action":"A fast-paced montage of archival war footage. A blue and white armored vehicle drives through a crowd, a man holds up a framed picture, and the words 'BOSNIAN WAR' appear in a black box.","colors":{"dominant":"grey","palette":["grey","blue","white","brown","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"various, mostly eye-level","focus":"Various scenes of war and protest.","framing":"medium"},"mood":"Chaotic, intense, historical","objects":[{"color":"blue and white","name":"armored vehicle","position":"center","state":"moving through crowd"}],"people":[{"age_range":"various","clothing":{"accessories":"","bottom":"","footwear":"","top":"civilian and military attire"},"face":"shouting, cheering, serious","hair":"various","hands":"waving, holding a picture","pose":"standing in a crowd, driving vehicle","position":"various"}],"setting":{"architecture":"urban buildings","background":"City streets, crowds.","lighting":"Natural, overcast.","location":"Urban area during conflict"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"BOSNIAN WAR","location":"center","style":"white text in a black box"}]}},{"t":249,"speech":"Hey, before I dive into this, I just need to tell you that we don't have a sponsor for today because it's sort of hard to find sponsors for videos like this.","visual":{"action":"The narrator, Johnny Harris, speaks directly to the camera. He is standing in a room that looks like a home studio, with lighting equipment and shelves in the background.","colors":{"dominant":"grey","palette":["grey","orange","dark green","white","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"eye-level","focus":"The narrator.","framing":"medium"},"mood":"Candid, direct, conversational","objects":[{"color":"black","name":"microphone","position":"center front","state":"on a stand"},{"color":"black","name":"lighting umbrella","position":"left","state":"open"}],"people":[{"age_range":"30s","clothing":{"accessories":"orange beanie","bottom":"not visible","footwear":"not visible","top":"light grey long-sleeved shirt"},"face":"bearded, serious but friendly expression, looking at camera","hair":"brown, short","hands":"gesturing slightly","pose":"standing","position":"center"}],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"A room with shelves, a door, and video equipment. The wall is dark green.","lighting":"Studio lighting, with a key light on the narrator.","location":"Home studio"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":255,"speech":"Luckily, the subscribers over at Nebula help make these videos possible. We publish our videos there every week, a week early.","visual":{"action":"A screen capture of the Nebula streaming service website is shown, displaying thumbnails of various Johnny Harris videos. The narrator continues to speak in voiceover.","colors":{"dominant":"black","palette":["black","grey","blue","orange","white"]},"composition":{"angle":"straight-on","focus":"The website interface.","framing":"full screen"},"mood":"Promotional, informational","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"A dark-themed website interface.","lighting":"Digital screen glow.","location":"Nebula website"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"Johnny Harris","location":"top left of website","style":"white text"},{"content":"NEBULA.TV/JOHNNYHARRIS","location":"bottom center","style":"white sans-serif text"}]}},{"t":301,"speech":"So our next week's video about Antarctica, one of my favorite videos we've ever made ever, it's freaking beautiful, is up now on Nebula.","visual":{"action":"A montage of clips from another video about Antarctica is shown, including an animated globe, a 3D map of the continent, a historical photo of Ernest Shackleton, and an old hand-drawn map.","colors":{"dominant":"grey","palette":["grey","black","white","tan","blue"]},"composition":{"angle":"various","focus":"Clips from the Antarctica video.","framing":"full screen"},"mood":"Intriguing, epic, promotional","objects":[{"color":"white","name":"globe","position":"center","state":"animated"},{"color":"tan","name":"old map","position":"center","state":"static"}],"people":[{"age_range":"40s","clothing":{"accessories":"","bottom":"","footwear":"","top":"dark suit"},"face":"serious, looking at camera","hair":"dark, short","hands":"not visible","pose":"portrait photo","position":"center"}],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Various animated and historical backgrounds.","lighting":"Varies with each clip.","location":"Antarctica (in video clips)"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"NEBULA.TV/JOHNNYHARRIS","location":"bottom center","style":"white sans-serif text"},{"content":"Ernest Shackleton","location":"center","style":"white text"}]}},{"t":310,"speech":"It's $2.50 a month and it helps support us making videos like this. I'll give more detail on that at the end of the video. For now, let's dive into this.","visual":{"action":"The narrator returns on screen, with a graphic overlay showing the Nebula subscription price. He gestures with his hands as he speaks.","colors":{"dominant":"grey","palette":["grey","orange","dark green","white","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"eye-level","focus":"The narrator.","framing":"medium"},"mood":"Informational, persuasive","objects":[{"color":"black","name":"microphone","position":"center front","state":"on a stand"}],"people":[{"age_range":"30s","clothing":{"accessories":"orange beanie","bottom":"not visible","footwear":"not visible","top":"light grey long-sleeved shirt"},"face":"earnest expression","hair":"brown, short","hands":"gesturing openly","pose":"standing","position":"center"}],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Home studio.","lighting":"Studio lighting.","location":"Home studio"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"$2.50/month","location":"left overlay","style":"white text on dark background"},{"content":"NEBULA.TV/JOHNNYHARRIS","location":"bottom center","style":"white sans-serif text"}]}},{"t":318,"speech":"Now, before we go on, we have to look back up here at Serbia, this leader, Milosevic.","visual":{"action":"The animated map returns, showing the different factions in Bosnia (Republika Srpska, Herzeg-Bosnia, Bosniaks) and the surrounding countries. The focus is on Slobodan Milosevic's portrait over Serbia.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","blue","yellow","tan","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"Slobodan Milosevic and Serbia.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Analytical, historical","objects":[],"people":[{"age_range":"50s","clothing":{"accessories":"","bottom":"","footwear":"","top":"dark suit"},"face":"stern expression","hair":"grey","hands":"not visible","pose":"portrait photo","position":"over Serbia"}],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the Balkans"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC","location":"next to his portrait","style":"black text"}]}},{"t":322,"speech":"This guy was a hyper nationalist. He made his career stirring up ethnic tensions between Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks.","visual":{"action":"A montage of archival photos and clips of Slobodan Milosevic, seen through the scope-like frame. He is shown speaking at a rally and in a crowd, looking determined.","colors":{"dominant":"brown","palette":["brown","grey","black","white","skin tones"]},"composition":{"angle":"eye-level and slightly low","focus":"Slobodan Milosevic.","framing":"close-up and medium"},"mood":"Tense, showing a powerful and controversial figure","objects":[{"color":"silver","name":"microphone","position":"in front of Milosevic","state":"in use"}],"people":[{"age_range":"50s","clothing":{"accessories":"","bottom":"","footwear":"","top":"dark coat"},"face":"speaking intensely, mouth open","hair":"grey, short","hands":"not visible","pose":"speaking at a podium","position":"center"}],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Crowds of people, indistinct interiors.","lighting":"Harsh, flash photography and indoor lighting.","location":"Political rallies and meetings"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":330,"speech":"So he's seen all of this as a good thing, as an opportunity to further his vision of creating a new greater Serbian nation across the former Yugoslavia.","visual":{"action":"The animated map shows Milosevic's portrait with lines radiating to the Serb-controlled areas in Bosnia and Croatia. The map then highlights a large area encompassing Serbia, Montenegro, and Serb-held territories, representing the 'Greater Serbia' concept.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","tan","blue","white","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The concept of 'Greater Serbia'.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Analytical, showing political ambition","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the Balkans"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":341,"speech":"The Yugoslav army is dominated by Serbs. So Milosevic is able to direct this professional army to launch an offensive to help the Serbians in Bosnia secure their new claimed territory.","visual":{"action":"On the map, the icon for the Yugoslav People's Army is highlighted, and animated arrows show forces moving from Serbia into the Serb-controlled areas of Bosnia (Republika Srpska).","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","blue","tan","white","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The movement of military forces.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Militaristic, strategic","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the Balkans"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"1992 | APR | THE SIEGE OF SARAJEVO BEGINS","location":"bottom of the screen","style":"white text on a black timeline bar"},{"content":"YUGOSLAV PEOPLE'S ARMY","location":"top right","style":"black text"}]}},{"t":354,"speech":"","visual":{"action":"A montage of archival footage shows armed civilians and soldiers in various settings, viewed through a scope. A group of men with rifles walk in a courtyard, another group pushes an armored vehicle up a grassy hill.","colors":{"dominant":"tan","palette":["tan","green","grey","blue","brown"]},"composition":{"angle":"eye-level","focus":"Various groups of armed men.","framing":"medium and wide"},"mood":"Chaotic, tense, militaristic","objects":[{"color":"blue and white","name":"armored vehicle","position":"center","state":"being pushed by soldiers"},{"color":"black","name":"rifles","position":"carried by men","state":"ready"}],"people":[{"age_range":"20s-40s","clothing":{"accessories":"","bottom":"jeans, trousers","footwear":"boots, shoes","top":"jackets, military-style shirts"},"face":"serious, determined","hair":"various","hands":"carrying rifles","pose":"walking, pushing a vehicle","position":"various"}],"setting":{"architecture":"simple buildings, concrete courtyard","background":"Buildings, grassy hill.","lighting":"Natural daylight.","location":"Various locations in Bosnia"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":400,"speech":"To fight back, the Bosniaks and Croats form an alliance to protect their own chances of independence.","visual":{"action":"The map shows the icons for the Bosniak army and the Croat HVO forces. A glowing line connects them, indicating an alliance against the red Serb-controlled territory.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","blue","tan","green","yellow"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The alliance between Bosniaks and Croats.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Strategic, hopeful","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of Bosnia and Herzegovina"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"HERZEG-BOSNIA","location":"left","style":"black text"},{"content":"BOSNIAKS","location":"center","style":"black text"}]}},{"t":410,"speech":"it quickly surrounds the Bosnian capital city, positioning tanks, artillery and snipers on the hills around the city, blocking roads and supply routes.","visual":{"action":"The map zooms into Sarajevo. Red dots representing Serb forces appear on the hills surrounding the city, and lines show the encirclement, cutting off roads.","colors":{"dominant":"tan","palette":["tan","red","blue","white","grey"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The encirclement of Sarajevo.","framing":"close-up"},"mood":"Tense, threatening","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of Sarajevo and surroundings.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of Sarajevo"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"SARAJEVO","location":"center","style":"white text"}]}},{"t":418,"speech":"Their goal is to take the capital as fast as possible and to end this war quickly. They start firing indiscriminately, attacking civilian populations with tanks, artillery and sniper fire,","visual":{"action":"A montage of archival footage shows the Siege of Sarajevo. Soldiers fire rifles in a forest. A view through a broken window shows destroyed buildings. An artillery piece fires. A sniper in a white snowsuit takes aim.","colors":{"dominant":"grey","palette":["grey","brown","white","tan","olive green"]},"composition":{"angle":"various, mostly eye-level","focus":"Acts of war.","framing":"medium and close-up"},"mood":"Violent, destructive, grim","objects":[{"color":"olive green","name":"artillery cannon","position":"center","state":"firing"},{"color":"black","name":"sniper rifle","position":"center","state":"being aimed"}],"people":[{"age_range":"20s-30s","clothing":{"accessories":"","bottom":"","footwear":"","top":"white snow camouflage suit"},"face":"focused, aiming","hair":"not visible","hands":"holding a rifle","pose":"crouched in a snowy forest","position":"center"}],"setting":{"architecture":"damaged urban buildings","background":"Forests, destroyed cityscapes.","lighting":"Overcast, natural light.","location":"Sarajevo and surrounding areas"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":430,"speech":"killing thousands in a siege that would last for years.","visual":{"action":"More archival footage of the siege. A shell explodes on a hillside village. The view is through a scope.","colors":{"dominant":"grey","palette":["grey","green","brown","white","tan"]},"composition":{"angle":"high angle, looking down on a valley","focus":"An explosion in a village.","framing":"wide, through a scope"},"mood":"Destructive, tragic","objects":[{"color":"white/grey","name":"smoke plume","position":"center","state":"rising from explosion"}],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"small village houses","background":"Green hills and mountains.","lighting":"Daylight, slightly hazy.","location":"Hillside village near Sarajevo"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":438,"speech":"The UN quickly attempts to negotiate with Milosevic and Serb forces and they reach a quick agreement to withdraw the Yugoslav army.","visual":{"action":"The animated map shows the UN icon appearing and lines connecting it to Milosevic's portrait and the Yugoslav Army icon, indicating negotiations.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","blue","tan","white","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The diplomatic negotiations.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Hopeful, diplomatic","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the Balkans"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"1992 | APR | UN NEGOTIATES WITH YUGOSLAV FORCES","location":"bottom of the screen","style":"white text on a black timeline bar"},{"content":"UN","location":"top right","style":"white text in blue octagon"}]}},{"t":446,"speech":"But what really happens is the Yugoslav army just gives up control of around 100,000 Serb troops who mostly continue fighting for the Serbs in Bosnia.","visual":{"action":"On the map, the Yugoslav Army icon moves away, but its forces (represented by red dots) are transferred to the control of Republika Srpska.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","blue","tan","white","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The transfer of military forces.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Deceptive, strategic","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the Balkans"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":455,"speech":"As Yugoslav forces withdraw from Sarajevo as part of this agreement, the retreating forces are attacked by Bosniak troops.","visual":{"action":"The map animates the 'Yugoslav Army Column Incident', showing the Bosniak forces (blue dots) attacking the withdrawing Yugoslav forces (red dots) near Sarajevo.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","blue","tan","white","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The ambush incident.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Violent, chaotic","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map near Sarajevo"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"1992 | APR | YUGOSLAV ARMY COLUMN INCIDENT","location":"bottom of the screen","style":"white text on a black timeline bar"}]}},{"t":508,"speech":"As the war rages on, Serbs escalate the brutality all over the country.","visual":{"action":"The map shows the war continuing. The narrator's tone is grim.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","blue","tan","white","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The ongoing conflict across Bosnia.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Somber, grave","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of Bosnia and Herzegovina"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":513,"speech":"routinely identifying Bosniak homes, ransacking and burning them down, rounding up civilians, separating the men from the women and sending the men to concentration camps or executing them.","visual":{"action":"A montage of harrowing archival footage: a line of men being marched, a high-angle shot of a destroyed town, a military truck driving past, women and children being loaded onto a bus, and a woman crying in anguish.","colors":{"dominant":"brown","palette":["brown","grey","green","tan","red"]},"composition":{"angle":"eye-level","focus":"The suffering of civilians.","framing":"medium and wide"},"mood":"Tragic, horrifying, somber","objects":[{"color":"orange and white","name":"bus","position":"center","state":"being boarded by civilians"}],"people":[{"age_range":"various","clothing":{"accessories":"headscarves on women","bottom":"skirts, trousers","footwear":"","top":"various civilian clothes"},"face":"distressed, crying, fearful","hair":"various","hands":"carrying belongings, holding children","pose":"walking in a line, boarding a bus","position":"crowds"}],"setting":{"architecture":"damaged homes and buildings","background":"Rural roads, destroyed towns.","lighting":"Natural daylight.","location":"Various locations in Bosnia"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":534,"speech":"The point here is that what the Serbs are doing is starting to look like an ethnic cleansing of the land they claimed.","visual":{"action":"A close-up archival shot of a military general, Ratko Mladić, speaking to a crowd of distraught-looking women and elderly men.","colors":{"dominant":"green","palette":["olive green","skin tones","grey","brown","white"]},"composition":{"angle":"eye-level","focus":"Ratko Mladić and the civilians.","framing":"close-up"},"mood":"Tense, disturbing","objects":[],"people":[{"age_range":"50s","clothing":{"accessories":"","bottom":"","footwear":"","top":"camouflage military uniform"},"face":"speaking, stern expression","hair":"grey, short","hands":"gesturing","pose":"standing, addressing a crowd","position":"left of center"},{"age_range":"various","clothing":{"accessories":"headscarves","bottom":"","footwear":"","top":"civilian clothes"},"face":"fearful, listening intently","hair":"various","hands":"not prominent","pose":"standing in a crowd","position":"right of center and background"}],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Outdoor setting, possibly a village.","lighting":"Natural daylight.","location":"Srebrenica area"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":541,"speech":"Meanwhile, the international community is hesitant to get too involved beyond cutting off the Yugoslav economy with sanctions.","visual":{"action":"The animated map shows the UN icon present, but not directly intervening in the conflict between the factions. The borders of Serbia and Montenegro (Yugoslavia) flash, indicating sanctions.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","blue","tan","green","white"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The lack of direct intervention.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Frustrating, analytical","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the Balkans"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":548,"speech":"And the UN sends food, medicine and peacekeeping soldiers. They also cut off the flow of weapons from the outside, but the UN mostly sticks to its peacekeeping principles,","visual":{"action":"On the map, icons for food, medicine, and a dove appear under the UN symbol, showing humanitarian aid. The map of Bosnia is then covered by a black overlay with a 'no weapons' symbol, indicating an arms embargo.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","blue","tan","white","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"UN actions and the arms embargo.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Informational","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the Balkans"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"1992 | JUL | THE UN INTERVENES","location":"bottom of the screen","style":"white text on a black timeline bar"}]}},{"t":557,"speech":"not interfering in the conflict, not stopping the advance of the Serbs or the ongoing ethnic cleansing that has begun.","visual":{"action":"The map shows the red Serb territory expanding slightly, pushing against the blue and green areas, while the UN icon remains static, not stopping the advance.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","blue","tan","green","white"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The ineffectiveness of the peacekeeping mission.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Critical, frustrating","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the Balkans"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":604,"speech":"But the situation in Bosnia is getting worse. The alliance between Bosniaks and Croats is falling apart. They start fighting each other.","visual":{"action":"The glowing line of alliance between the Bosniak and Croat forces on the map breaks. The green Croat territory begins to clash with the blue Bosniak territory, with animated conflict markers appearing between them.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","blue","green","tan","yellow"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The breakdown of the Bosniak-Croat alliance.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Tense, showing escalating complexity","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of Bosnia and Herzegovina"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"1992 | OCT | THE CROAT-BOSNIAK WAR BEGINS","location":"bottom of the screen","style":"white text on a black timeline bar"}]}},{"t":620,"speech":"As this new complicated stage of the conflict starts, Croat forces surround and begin an attack in the city of Mostar, a city that the two had once defended together back in 1992 against the Serbs.","visual":{"action":"The map zooms in on the city of Mostar. Green dots (Croat forces) surround the city, which is shown as a yellow dot. Archival footage shows explosions in a city and a building on fire.","colors":{"dominant":"green","palette":["green","blue","tan","red","yellow"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead, then eye-level","focus":"The attack on Mostar.","framing":"close-up on map, then medium shots of destruction"},"mood":"Tragic, ironic, destructive","objects":[{"color":"tan","name":"building","position":"center","state":"on fire, partially destroyed"}],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"stone buildings","background":"Map, then a city under attack.","lighting":"Bright daylight.","location":"Animated map / Mostar"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"MOSTAR","location":"center of map","style":"black text"}]}},{"t":638,"speech":"Things are getting bad and in response to these worsening conditions in Bosnia, the UN gets NATO forces to come to Bosnia to enforce a no-fly zone,","visual":{"action":"The map shows the NATO icon appearing alongside the UN icon. The entire territory of Bosnia is then covered in a black overlay.","colors":{"dominant":"black","palette":["black","blue","red","tan","white"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The establishment of the no-fly zone.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Serious, interventionist","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of Bosnia and Herzegovina"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"1993 | APR | NATO ENFORCES NO FLY ZONE","location":"bottom of the screen","style":"white text on a black timeline bar"},{"content":"NATO","location":"bottom left","style":"white text in blue octagon"}]}},{"t":651,"speech":"But this does nothing to stop the ethnic cleansing that continues to escalate on the ground.","visual":{"action":"The black no-fly zone overlay remains, but underneath, the red Serb territory continues to show conflict and pressure on the other areas, indicating the ground war is unaffected.","colors":{"dominant":"black","palette":["black","red","blue","green","tan"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The ongoing ground conflict.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Frustrating, grim","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of Bosnia and Herzegovina"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":655,"speech":"So the next year, the UN establishes safe zones across the country to protect civilians fleeing the war, particularly Bosniaks who are fleeing ethnic cleansing by the Serb armies.","visual":{"action":"White circles appear on the map over several cities (Bihac, Tuzla, Srebrenica, Zepa, Sarajevo, Gorazde), designating them as UN Safe Zones.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","blue","green","tan","white"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The creation of UN Safe Zones.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Hopeful, protective","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of Bosnia and Herzegovina"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"1993 | JUN | UN ESTABLISHES SAFE ZONES","location":"bottom of the screen","style":"white text on a black timeline bar"},{"content":"SREBRENICA","location":"east","style":"black text"}]}},{"t":705,"speech":"But the UN is only as powerful as its member nations are willing to let them be. And it turns out member nations are not willing to commit enough troops to actually fortify these safe zones.","visual":{"action":"Archival footage shows a UN peacekeeper in a blue helmet speaking to the camera, followed by shots of a snowy graveyard with many coffins and a somber-looking soldier.","colors":{"dominant":"grey","palette":["grey","white","blue","olive green","brown"]},"composition":{"angle":"eye-level","focus":"The human element of the UN mission and its failures.","framing":"close-up and wide"},"mood":"Somber, critical, tragic","objects":[{"color":"light blue","name":"coffin","position":"foreground","state":"lined up for burial"}],"people":[{"age_range":"40s","clothing":{"accessories":"blue UN beret","bottom":"","footwear":"","top":"camouflage jacket"},"face":"speaking, serious","hair":"blond, short","hands":"not visible","pose":"being interviewed","position":"center"}],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Indoors, then a snowy cemetery.","lighting":"Natural, overcast light.","location":"Bosnia"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":715,"speech":"Serb forces regularly show up and attack the civilians in these safe zones.","visual":{"action":"Archival footage shows soldiers in trenches firing rifles, and another group of soldiers behind a makeshift stone wall.","colors":{"dominant":"brown","palette":["brown","green","grey","tan","olive"]},"composition":{"angle":"eye-level","focus":"Soldiers in combat.","framing":"medium"},"mood":"Violent, dangerous","objects":[{"color":"black","name":"rifle","position":"center","state":"being fired"}],"people":[{"age_range":"20s-30s","clothing":{"accessories":"military caps","bottom":"military trousers","footwear":"boots","top":"camouflage uniforms"},"face":"focused, aiming","hair":"short, dark","hands":"holding rifles","pose":"crouched, in firing positions","position":"in trenches"}],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Earthen trenches, stone walls, trees.","lighting":"Natural daylight.","location":"Combat zone in Bosnia"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":720,"speech":"The United States, who is still trying to stay out of this war, helps negotiate peace between the Croats and the Bosniaks, thus ending the war within the war.","visual":{"action":"An animated map of the United States appears. Icons for the Croat (HVO) and Bosniak forces appear on the map, along with a portrait of Bill Clinton, indicating US-led negotiations.","colors":{"dominant":"blue","palette":["blue","tan","white","red","green"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The US-brokered peace deal.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Diplomatic, resolving","objects":[],"people":[{"age_range":"40s","clothing":{"accessories":"","bottom":"","footwear":"","top":"dark suit, white shirt, red tie"},"face":"smiling slightly","hair":"grey, short","hands":"not visible","pose":"portrait photo","position":"center"}],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized world map.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the USA"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"1994 | MAR | CROAT-BOSNIAK WAR ENDS","location":"bottom of the screen","style":"white text on a black timeline bar"},{"content":"BILL CLINTON","location":"center","style":"white text"}]}},{"t":731,"speech":"They sign an agreement in March of 1994, re-establishing the Federal Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. And most importantly, they renew their alliance to fight against the Serbs.","visual":{"action":"The map returns to Bosnia. The green Croat areas and blue Bosniak areas merge into a single blue entity, the 'Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina'. A glowing line of alliance reappears between them, now directed at the red Serb territory.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","blue","tan","white","yellow"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The renewed alliance and new federation.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Strategic, hopeful","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of Bosnia and Herzegovina"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"FEDERATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA","location":"center of blue area","style":"black text"}]}},{"t":741,"speech":"Bosnian Serbs decline a peace deal offered by the UN. In response, Milosevic, who's now feeling the consequences of being cut off from the global economy, now cuts ties with the Bosnian Serbs,","visual":{"action":"On the map, the UN offers a peace deal to Republika Srpska, which is rejected. In response, Milosevic's icon over Serbia animates to show him cutting the support lines to the Bosnian Serbs.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","blue","tan","white","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The shifting alliances and political pressure.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Tense, showing political maneuvering","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the Balkans"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"1994 | MAR | SERBS DECLINE PEACE DEAL","location":"bottom of the screen","style":"white text on a black timeline bar"},{"content":"MILOSEVIC CUTS OFF BOSNIAN SERBS","location":"bottom of the screen","style":"white text on a black timeline bar"}]}},{"t":807,"speech":"So Milosevic's support is now gone, but even still, the Bosnian Serbs continue their campaign of horror, committing atrocities all over the country.","visual":{"action":"The map shows Republika Srpska isolated from Serbia's direct support. The narrator's tone is grave, emphasizing the continued violence despite the political shift.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","blue","tan","white","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The isolation of Republika Srpska.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Grave, persistent","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the Balkans"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":814,"speech":"But it's not just the Serbs. Bosniaks and Croats have also devolved into committing terrible violent human rights abuses against civilians.","visual":{"action":"The map shows the three main factions (Republika Srpska, Herzeg-Bosnia, Bosniaks) with green dots appearing over the Bosniak and Croat icons, indicating their involvement in atrocities as well.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","blue","green","tan","yellow"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The culpability of all sides.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Sobering, complex","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of Bosnia and Herzegovina"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":823,"speech":"As the war rages on, NATO continues to enforce their no-fly zone, shooting down a Serb jet and getting more and more pulled into this conflict as Serb forces get bolder.","visual":{"action":"On the blacked-out no-fly zone map, a plane icon from Republika Srpska is shown being shot down by a NATO plane icon. The animation suggests increasing NATO involvement.","colors":{"dominant":"black","palette":["black","white","red","blue","grey"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"NATO's enforcement action.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Escalating, militaristic","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of Bosnia.","lighting":"Digital animation lighting.","location":"Animated map of Bosnia and Herzegovina"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":832,"speech":"Former President Jimmy Carter travels to Bosnia and negotiates a four-month ceasefire. It mostly holds with a few exceptions,","visual":{"action":"The map turns white, representing a ceasefire. A portrait of Jimmy Carter appears in the center, indicating his role as a negotiator.","colors":{"dominant":"white","palette":["white","tan","black","red","blue"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The ceasefire negotiation.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Hopeful, diplomatic","objects":[],"people":[{"age_range":"70s","clothing":{"accessories":"","bottom":"","footwear":"","top":"dark suit"},"face":"smiling, older","hair":"white, short","hands":"not visible","pose":"portrait photo","position":"center"}],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the Balkans"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"1994 | NOV | JIMMY CARTER NEGOTIATES CEASEFIRE","location":"bottom of the screen","style":"white text on a black timeline bar"}]}},{"t":840,"speech":"but the ceasefire expires. They can't agree on a new one and the fighting starts again.","visual":{"action":"The white ceasefire map cracks and shatters, revealing the colored conflict map underneath. The fighting animations resume.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","blue","tan","white","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The failure of the ceasefire.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Disappointing, violent","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of the Balkans"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"1995 | FEB | SERB OFFENSIVE ESCALATES","location":"bottom of the screen","style":"white text on a black timeline bar"}]}},{"t":844,"speech":"Serb forces are able to steal heavy weapons from the UN and then use them to kill civilians.","visual":{"action":"On the map, an animation shows weapons being taken from a UN base by Republika Srpska forces.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","blue","tan","white","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The theft of UN weapons.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Shocking, outrageous","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of Bosnia and Herzegovina"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":850,"speech":"NATO continues to ramp up air strikes. Serb forces respond by taking UN peacekeepers hostage and shooting down a US F-16.","visual":{"action":"The map shows NATO planes striking Serb positions. In response, the Serb icon 'captures' the UN icon. A US F-16 icon is shown being shot down.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","blue","tan","white","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The escalating tit-for-tat between NATO and Serb forces.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Escalating, dangerous","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of Bosnia and Herzegovina"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"US F-16","location":"center","style":"white text"}]}},{"t":900,"speech":"Serb forces are feeling emboldened at this point. They have consistently held around 70% of the land in Bosnia and even pushed back UN peacekeepers without major consequences.","visual":{"action":"The map shows the large red area of Republika Srpska, dominating the territory of Bosnia. The narrator explains their confidence.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","blue","tan","white","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The extent of Serb territorial control.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Analytical, tense","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of Bosnia and Herzegovina"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":910,"speech":"And they see an opportunity for one last big offensive to end the war and secure all of this land. They just need to take over the UN safe zones, kick the UN out and then take Sarajevo with overwhelming force.","visual":{"action":"The map highlights the UN safe zones as targets for the Serb forces. Animated arrows show their planned offensive.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","blue","tan","white","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"The Serb military strategy.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Ominous, strategic","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of the Balkans.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of Bosnia and Herzegovina"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":923,"speech":"","visual":{"action":"A montage of archival footage shows the humanitarian crisis. UN vehicles are present among civilians. Medical personnel rush a wounded person on a stretcher into an ambulance. An explosion occurs in a city street.","colors":{"dominant":"grey","palette":["grey","white","blue","tan","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"eye-level","focus":"The chaos and human suffering.","framing":"medium and wide"},"mood":"Chaotic, urgent, tragic","objects":[{"color":"white","name":"UN armored vehicle","position":"center","state":"parked"},{"color":"white","name":"ambulance","position":"right","state":"being loaded"}],"people":[{"age_range":"various","clothing":{"accessories":"blue UN helmets","bottom":"","footwear":"","top":"white medical coats, civilian clothes"},"face":"panicked, urgent","hair":"various","hands":"carrying a stretcher","pose":"running, moving urgently","position":"various"}],"setting":{"architecture":"urban buildings","background":"City streets, wooded areas.","lighting":"Natural daylight.","location":"A UN safe zone, likely Sarajevo"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":939,"speech":"So they target the town of Srebrenica, a UN safe zone where nearly 10,000 Bosniaks are seeking refuge.","visual":{"action":"The map zooms in on the UN safe zone of Srebrenica, highlighting it as the target.","colors":{"dominant":"red","palette":["red","blue","tan","white","black"]},"composition":{"angle":"overhead","focus":"Srebrenica.","framing":"close-up"},"mood":"Foreboding, tense","objects":[],"people":[],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"Stylized map of Bosnia.","lighting":"Bright, even lighting.","location":"Animated map of Srebrenica"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"SREBRENICA","location":"center","style":"black text"}]}},{"t":952,"speech":"On July 11th, 1995, 2,000 Serb soldiers march into the town. They meet no resistance from the UN soldiers who decided to maintain their neutrality","visual":{"action":"Archival footage shows Serb soldiers marching into a town. UN soldiers in blue helmets are seen standing by, not intervening, as civilians crowd the streets.","colors":{"dominant":"green","palette":["green","tan","blue","grey","brown"]},"composition":{"angle":"eye-level","focus":"The interaction between Serb soldiers, UN peacekeepers, and civilians.","framing":"wide"},"mood":"Tense, chaotic, helpless","objects":[{"color":"brown","name":"cow","position":"center","state":"walking through the street"}],"people":[{"age_range":"20s-40s","clothing":{"accessories":"blue UN helmets","bottom":"military trousers","footwear":"boots","top":"camouflage vests"},"face":"watching, passive","hair":"short","hands":"at their sides or holding rifles loosely","pose":"standing guard","position":"foreground and background"}],"setting":{"architecture":"simple village houses","background":"Crowded dirt road, trees.","lighting":"Bright, harsh daylight.","location":"Srebrenica"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"1995 | JUL | SERBS MARCH ON SREBRENICA","location":"bottom of the screen","style":"white text on a black timeline bar"}]}},{"t":976,"speech":"The Serb forces then round up 8,000 Bosniak men and boys and then they systematically execute them, comprising the deadliest genocide on European soil since World War II.","visual":{"action":"A horrifying montage of archival footage: Serb soldiers laughing, crowds of refugees at a base, civilians being herded, and buses driving away. The footage implies the separation of men and the subsequent massacre.","colors":{"dominant":"green","palette":["olive green","tan","grey","skin tones","white"]},"composition":{"angle":"eye-level","focus":"The capture and removal of Bosniak men.","framing":"medium"},"mood":"Horrific, tragic, grim","objects":[{"color":"white and blue","name":"bus","position":"center","state":"driving away"}],"people":[{"age_range":"20s-40s","clothing":{"accessories":"","bottom":"","footwear":"","top":"military uniforms"},"face":"laughing, talking","hair":"short","hands":"holding rifles","pose":"standing, interacting","position":"various"}],"setting":{"architecture":"industrial buildings, village streets","background":"Crowds of people, buildings.","lighting":"Natural daylight.","location":"Srebrenica"},"text_on_screen":[]}},{"t":986,"speech":"Don't be afraid. Nobody will harm you","visual":{"action":"A close-up shot of Ratko Mladić speaking to a crowd of terrified civilians, attempting to reassure them falsely. Subtitles translate his words.","colors":{"dominant":"green","palette":["olive green","skin tones","white","grey","brown"]},"composition":{"angle":"eye-level, close-up","focus":"Ratko Mladić's face and the faces of the civilians.","framing":"close-up"},"mood":"Deceptive, chilling, terrifying","objects":[],"people":[{"age_range":"50s","clothing":{"accessories":"","bottom":"","footwear":"","top":"camouflage military uniform"},"face":"speaking with a false sense of calm","hair":"grey, short","hands":"gesturing","pose":"addressing crowd","position":"center"}],"setting":{"architecture":"","background":"A crowd of people under trees.","lighting":"Natural, dappled light.","location":"Srebrenica"},"text_on_screen":[{"content":"Don't be afraid. Nobody will harm you","location":"bottom center","style":"white subtitle text"}]}}],"created_at":"2026-04-11 17:39:01","processed_at":"2026-04-11 17:45:19","view_count":1,"thumbnail":"/data/videos/f7852784-3a03-4d0d-8c41-2b4e220781a2/thumbnail.jpg","video":"/data/videos/f7852784-3a03-4d0d-8c41-2b4e220781a2/web.mp4","urls":{"page":"/v/the-worst-war-you-never-learned-about-mapped","api":"/api/v1/videos/the-worst-war-you-never-learned-about-mapped","timeline_file":"/data/videos/f7852784-3a03-4d0d-8c41-2b4e220781a2/timeline.json"}}